Native American Inventions

Local American Inventions Local Americans hold a solid impact on American living-and most of Native American developments came well before European pioneers showed up on North American land. Similarly for instance of Native Americans sway, where might the world be without gum, chocolate, syringes, popcorn, and peanuts? Lets investigate only a couple of the numerous Native American creations and developments. Chain of command West Coast First Peoples accept that the main chain of command was a blessing from Raven. It was named Kalakuyuwish, the post that holds up the sky. The command hierarchies were frequently utilized as family peaks meaning the clans plunge from a creature, for example, the bear, raven, wolf, salmon, or executioner whale. As per Encyclopedia Britannica, there are a few unique kinds of chain of commands, among them, for instance, the dedication, or heraldic, shafts, raised when a house changes hands to honor the past proprietor and to recognize the current one; grave markers, house posts, which bolster the rooftop; entry posts, which have an opening through which an individual goes into the house; and inviting posts, set at the edge of a waterway to distinguish the proprietor of the waterfront. Toboggan The word tobogganâ is a French error of the Chippewa word nobugidaban, which isâ a mix of two words meaning â€Å"flat† and â€Å"drag.† The toboggan is a development of the First Nations Peoples of northeastern Canada, and the sleds were basic devices of endurance in the long, cruel, far-north winters. Indian trackers previously assembled toboggans made of bark to convey game over the day off. The Inuit (at times called Eskimos) used to make toboggans of whalebone; in any case, a toboggan is made of portions of hickory, debris, or maple with the front closures bended back. The Cree word for toboggan is utabaan. Tipi and Other Housing Tipis, or lean-tos, are adjustments of wigwams that were concocted by the Great Plains First Peoples, who were continually relocating. The seven primary styles of lodging that Native Americans created incorporate the wickiup, wigwam, longhouse,â tipi,â hogan, burrow, and pueblo. These roaming Native Americans required durable homes that could face the serious grassland winds but then be destroyed at a minutes notice to follow the floating crowds. The Plains Indians utilized wild ox stows away to cover their lean-tos and as bedding. Kayak The word kayak implies trackers vessel. This transportation device was developed by the Inuit Peoples for chasing seals and walruses in the bone chilling Arctic water and for general use. First utilized by Inuits, Aleuts, and Yupiks, whalebone or driftwood was utilized to outline the vessel itself, and afterward seal bladders loaded up with air were extended over the edge and themselves. Whale fat was utilized to waterproof the pontoon and skins. Birch Bark Canoe The birch bark kayak was created by Northeast Woodlands clans and was their primary method of transportation, permitting them to travel significant distances. The pontoons were made of whatever common assets were accessible to the clans, however principally comprised of birch trees found in the timberlands and forests of their territories. The word kayak starts from the word kenu meaning burrow. A portion of the clans that constructed and went in birch bark kayaks incorporate the Chippewa, Huron, Pennacook, and Abenaki. Lacrosse Lacrosse was developed and spread by the Iroquois and Huron Peoples-Eastern Woodlands Native American clans living around the St. Lawrence River in New York and Ontario. The Cherokees considered the game the younger sibling of war since it was viewed as fantastic military preparing. The Six Tribes of the Iroquois, in what is currently southern Ontario and upstate New York, called their form of the game baggataway or tewaraathon. The game had customary purposes notwithstanding sport, for example, battle, religion, wagers, and to keep the Six Nations (or Tribes) of Iroquois together. Shoes Slippers shoes made of deerskin or other delicate calfskin started with the Eastern North American clans. The word slipper gets from the Algonquian language Powhatan word makasin; be that as it may, most Indian clans have their own local words for them. Essentially utilized for running and investigating outside, clans could for the most part distinguish each other by the examples of their slippers, including the globule work, the plume work, and painted structures.

#___________ COURSE#_______ SECTION/TIME______ Essays -

#___________ COURSE#_______ SECTION/TIME______ Outline/CRITIQUE FORM REFERENCE: Darley, J. M., and Latane', B. (1968). Spectator mediation in crises: Diffusion of obligation in R. Hawk (Ed.), Forty Studies That Changed Psychology (295-303). Upper Saddle, N. J.: Prentice Hall. Outline: Society directs that we make a move to help other people in crisis circumstances, yet regularly, we don't. In the well known instance of Genovese, where 38 onlookers viewed a lady get mercilessly killed, just a single individual called the police. Darley and Latane investigated the onlookers' responses. They accepted that the explanation nobody found a way to help Kitty Genovese was a wonders they called dispersion of duty. As the quantity of spectators in a crisis builds, the more prominent the conviction that another person will help. With 3 distinct gatherings of subjects, Darley and Latane estimated the level of subjects in each condition who helped the supposed pained understudy. They likewise estimated the measure of time it took them to react. Following four minutes, the trial was ended. Their discoveries upheld their theory as the measure of deferral in helping was more prominent when more by-standers were available. They likewise thought about the job of social impa ct in the investigation. What was it about the nearness of others that was so compelling? Past their particular discoveries, Darley and Latane's earth shattering examination on helping conduct and dispersion of duty, keeps on affecting numerous investigations on topical issues. Investigate: Darley and Latane contributed significantly to clarifying an astounding human conduct. Ideally, as more individuals find out about the onlooker impact, they will get mindful of the need to act in any crisis circumstance, regardless of whether others are available. Research has exhibited that when individuals have found out about the observer impact, their investment level is higher in crises. Continuously go about as though you are the main individual there. This investigation is referenced in our book in section 9, page 299 where it talks about social loafing and Latane's commitment to an absence of creation in the work place when individuals are in gatherings. Superb VERY GOOD POOR INADEQUATE

Kamehameha

Kamehameha Kamehameha käma ´häma ´hä [key], dynasty of Hawaiian monarchs. Kamehameha I (Kamehameha the Great), c.1738â€"1819, was king of the island of Hawaii after 1790. Through conquest he became (1810) ruler of all the Hawaiian islands, which were previously governed by warring chiefs. Law and order were established for the first time, and the islands became prosperous. Although he was cordial to the traders who visited the islands and encouraged the introduction of their technology, he also insisted on the preservation of the ancient customs and religious beliefs of Hawaii. His son, Kamehameha II, 1797â€"1824, succeeded to the throne in 1819. During his short reign, American missionaries were admitted to the islands for the first time. Upon his death in London during a ceremonial visit, his younger brother, Kamehameha III, 1814â€"54, became (1824) king. His mother, Kaahumanu, who served as regent during his minority, encouraged the spread of Christianity in the islands. American traders entered the islands in large numbers, and there was a growing danger of filibustering expeditions and even annexation from the United States. Under these pressures, Kamehameha III gave in to Western influences. Hawaii was converted from semifeudalism into a constitutional monarchy. A constitution adopted in 1840 provided for religious freedom, representative government, and an independent judiciary; a later constitution (1852) granted suffrage to all adult males. His son, Kamehameha IV, 1834â€"63, attempted to resist American influence during his reign (1854â€"63) but without much success. When his brother, Kamehameha V, 1831â€"72, became (1863) king, he tried to restore the old tribal ways. The constitution of 1852 was abrogated, and he proclaimed a new one that restored power to the monarch, weakened the legislature, and restricted suffrage. Under his reign, the influence of American missionaries waned rapidly. He died without an heir, however, and the legislature ch ose his successor, thus bringing to an end the Kamehameha dynasty. See biographies of Kamehameha I by H. H. Gowen (1919) and J. T. Pole (1959). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Isomerization Process Definition

What Stimulates Your Imagination - 1899 Words

What stimulates your imagination? What SECME experiences are fun? For starters most people think that imagination is just thinking things that don’t exist and that is mostly true. But in this situation imagination is to think new ideas that will make a project better or improvement. Also when imagining that you can do better and that imagination helps to think about new ideas that can be test on the project and see if it helps. For the other question the experience that we learn in SECME is the way to organize your ideas and that trying new things in your project is ok to make it better and even if you lose you always learn from your mistakes and can do things better. And when presenting projects it help our speaking skills†¦show more content†¦I think that the bridge project was the most challenging of them all because of thinking how to make the bridge support a lot of weight but the end result was the best even if we did change the design of it many times the last one was the best for us. Do you enjoy creating the engineering drawing that shows the design that was used? Creating the drawing for the projects was the hardest part of the proses because I’m really bad with measuring and I’m not good at drawing ant the scale is really hard. That part was not my strong suit of the project but I did try really hard to help on how to do it but in my opinion its too confusing and hard to do. At the beginning I did it but my team mate said that she could do better and I agreed because what I had done was really bad. Do you like the challenge of figuring out ways to build a â€Å"better† car or bridge or water bottle rocket? The challenging part of this was really fun but it can get a bit frustrated because we would not figure out what to do. But the challenges are there for a reason because they help a student think and elaborate on what the project is going to work and look. All the projects were challenging but in the end it was alright and did well. Do you like to do research on interesting science, technology, engineering, and math topics? Do you like to plan big projects? When researching on topics

Women Suceptability To Hiv Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(41) " even their kids when their spouses die\." Holy Cross Hospital is a 240 bed degree one infirmary located in the rural Pondoland of Eastern Cape in the old Transkei, South Africa. It serves a population of about 50,000 around Flagstaff, Lusikisiki, Mkambathi and Bizana. There are 153 members of the infirmary staffs. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Suceptability To Hiv Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The bulk of the rural people are hapless and as such, diseases associated with poorness are prevailing among the people: TB, malnutrition and HIV/AIDS. The infirmary is divided into different units among them is the HIV Clinic where bulk of patient on the life salvaging ART roll up their medicines. Fig 6: Number of employees at Holy Cross Hospital, Eastern Cape. Management 10, Professionals 56, Clerical 22, Unskilled 65 In the rural community where adult females are the objects of societal force like colza, domestic assault and worst affected by poorness, they can merely be subjugated by the harrying effects of HIV. There are other parts that could be attributed to the prevalence of the disease among the adult females rural inhabitants. Female venereal mutilation although non a bulwark in South African societies, this could non be wholly ruled out in the rural communities where a batch of activities on traveling are underreported due to hapless media coverage. In another scenario, the act of masochism is besides a fuelling factor- a male dominant society. LITERATURE REVIEW In the planetary, national and local reappraisals of HIV/AIDS incidence and prevalence, it has ever been that adult females are at higher proportion. Even in the events of related decease, adult females are at the greater loss. There must be factors responsible for such properties. In a related comparing, prenatal attendants in South Africa have greater Numberss of the virus than the mean population. Here, the ground is obvious ; to be pregnant meant unprotected sexual intercourse. Different reappraisals of one-year prenatal studies in South Africa as conducted by UNAIDS, AIDS epidemic update, 2009 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.unicef.org/factoftheweek/index_53596.html ) the Human Sciences Research Council ( HSCR ) has ever shows a greater per centums than the national HIV/AIDS prevalence. This is besides the same in many other states of the universe. Although, the virus was foremost discovered in 1981 among homosexual work forces in the United States of America, the displacement in the paradigm is a cause for concern. â€Å" This epidemic unluckily remains an epidemic of adult females. † – Michel Sidibe , Executive Director of UNAIDS. â€Å" At the terminal of 2009 it was estimated that out of the 33.3 million grownups world-wide populating with HIV and AIDS, more than half are adult females. It is suggested that 98 per centum of these adult females live in developing states. The AIDS epidemic has had a alone impact on adult females, which has been exacerbated by their function within society and their biological exposure to HIV infection.A Generally adult females are at a greater hazard of heterosexual transmittal of HIV. Biologically adult females are twice more likely to go septic with HIV through unprotected heterosexual intercourse than work forces. In many states adult females are less likely to be able to negociate rubber usage and are more likely to be subjected to non-consensual sex. Additionally, 1000000s of adult females have been indirectly affected by the HIV and AIDS epidemic. Women ‘s childbearing function means that they have to postulate with issues such as mother-to-child transmittal of HIV. The duty of caring for AIDS patients and orphans is besides an issue that has a greater consequence on adult females † ( Avert, 2010 ) 1. State 2001 prevalence % 2002 prevalence % 2003 prevalence % 2004 prevalence % 2005 prevalence % 2006 prevalence % 2007 prevalence % KwaZulu-Natal 33.5 36.5 37.5 40.7 39.1 39.1 37.4 Mpumalanga 29.2 28.6 32.6 30.8 34.8 32.1 32.0 Free State 30.1 28.8 30.1 29.5 30.3 31.1 33.5 Gauteng 29.8 31.6 29.6 33.1 32.4 30.8 30.3 North West 25.2 26.2 29.9 26.7 31.8 29.0 29.0 Eastern Cape 21.7 23.6 27.1 28.0 29.5 28.6 26.0 Crocodile river 14.5 15.6 17.5 19.3 21.5 20.6 18.5 Northern Cape 15.9 15.1 16.7 17.6 18.5 15.6 16.1 Western Cape 8.6 12.4 13.1 15.4 15.7 15.1 12.6 National 24.8 26.5 27.9 29.5 30.2 29.1 28.0 Estimated HIV prevalence among prenatal clinic attendants, by state ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.avert.org/safricastats.htm Age Male prevalence % Female prevalence % 2-14 3.0 2.0 15-19 2.5 6.7 20-24 5.1 21.1 25-29 15.7 32.7 30-34 25.8 29.1 35-39 18.5 24.8 40-44 19.2 16.3 45-49 6.4 14.1 50-54 10.4 10.2 55-59 6.2 7.7 60+ 3.5 1.8 Entire 7.9 13.6 Estimated HIV prevalence among South Africans, by age and sex, 2008 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.avert.org/safricastats.htm ) There are different distinctive features to the epidemic of HIV/AIDS in different societies, but the common features globally are the larger adult females exposure. However in the context of Africa, the prevalent poorness, female gender misdemeanor and the alarming in incidences of colza instances in the rural South Africa, male dominated society, unemployment, and illiteracy are some of the prevailing fortunes increasing the exposure to the virus. In the scientific position, adult females still take greater proportion of PLWHA. The open countries of female venereal piece of land are greater than male and vaginal mucosal are more crumbly which become easy bruised with harsh sex. For every brush of heterosexual intercourse, adult females are at greater hazard of reaching HIV ( WHO, 2010 ) . The same rule besides applies to the spread of sexually transmitted infections. Womans have been known to bear the greater load. Access to information is besides another important factor that is missing among adult females. Many of which are uneducated and as such, the Numberss of adult females in the places of power and authorization are slender. To do informed pick and cognition of bar of HIV/AIDS is rather lacking. â€Å" Lack of instruction and economic security affects 1000000s of adult females and misss, whose literacy degrees are by and large lower than work forces and male childs ‘ . Many adult females, particularly those populating with HIV, lose their places, heritage, ownerships, supports and even their kids when their spouses die. You read "Women Suceptability To Hiv Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" This forces many adult females to follow survival schemes that increase their opportunities of catching and distributing HIV. Educating misss makes them more equipt to do safer sexual determinations † ( WHO, 2010 ) . Crime rate is another spotlight to the spread of HIV/AIDS. This act of force makes adult females to be the objects of onslaughts. In the local communities across South Africa, gender force is prevailing attitude. It was late reported that British twosome tourers were abducted in the rural community of Khayelitstha in Cape Town. The adult female was said to hold been raped and finally killed by the rural goons. The act of this societal force is merely non against the local adult females once more, it has transcended beyond the local communities. The narrative became a planetary sensational narrative. â€Å" A 26-year-old adult male has been charged with commandeering the auto of a British twosome who were honeymooning in Cape Town at the weekend and slaying the bride, constabulary said Wednesday.The adult male from Khayelitsha, the sprawling township on the outskirts of Cape Town where Anni Dewani ‘s organic structure was found, was charged within hours of being taken into cons tabulary detention on Tuesday † ( Afro News 24, 2010 ) . The common local believe in South Africa is that HIV/AIDS is curable by holding sexual intercourse with virgin or person old who has abstain from sex for long clip. This is a remarkable factor announcing the up-surge in the colza instances in the state. Of class the traditional physicians ( Sangoma ) frequently times indoctrinate immature work forces populating with the virus to hold sex with virgin in order to be remedy. Statistically, South Africa has the largest figure of PLWHA worldwide than any other state. And with the local believe, the present state of affairs would hold been expected. Another misnomer is the tradition of adult females submissiveness. A good adult female is rather frequently viewed by the local communities as submissive to her hubby, non oppugning her hubby about his sexual life, ready to give sex anytime without dialogue and must bear many kids. This attitude frequently endangers adult females life and possibly the unborn kids in state of affairs where the adult male of the house engages in coincident multiple sexual partnerships. A recent study in a local community in a South Africa neighboring state, Botswana found that 62 % of work forces have engaged in multiple sexual partnerships in the old three months ( New York State, 2010 ) . This is merely what happens in a state non ill-famed for high incidence of force against adult females. Then, the state of affairs could be far making in the rural South African communities. OPERATIONAL DEFINATIONS AND HYPOTHESIS HIV/AIDS prevalence is greater among Womans? HIV as normally known is Human Immunodeficiency virus while AIDS is the terminal phase of HIV infection. AIDS is Acquired Immune lack Syndrome. In most instances, HIV infection depending on the immune position of the septic persons can quickly come on to AIDS in a year`s clip without medical intercession. However, there were records of people that have lived more than 20 old ages on ART after despite the virus4. The commonest manner of transmittal of the virus in sub-Sahara Africa is through heterosexual intercourse. Prevalence is an epidemiological parametric quantity evaluation the distribution of disease status in a population at a peculiar clip. While incidence focal points on the happening of new form of a disease status. Prevalence encompasses both the new and the bing diseased in a population. In the events of HIV/AIDS, new instances of HIV will be considered as incidence and both the new instances and those that have AIDS are expressed as the prevalence of the disease. Prevalence = entire Numberss of people with disease status A- 100 entire figure of the population The age of consent for expiration of gestation ( TOP ) in South Africa was one time said to be 12 old ages. However, this has late been reviewed by the Health Professions Council of South Africa ( HPCSA ) ( HPCSA, 2010 ) . Presently, there is no age limitation for TOP. Amongst many other things brewing the ceaseless addition in the figure of adolescent gestation and childhood HIV/AIDS is this reviewed ethical consideration of age of consent for TOP. Therefore, anybody that is 12 old ages old or more and pregnant are considered as female parent and the fable of muliebrity applies. In contrast, the same definition of been a adult female is considered after the age of adolescence ( after 18 old ages ) for non pregnant females. This regulation besides applies for work forces after adolescence. Testing the hypothesis, it a widely believed that HIV/AIDS is a gender related disease status and that the status is at higher prevalence among adult females. There are different statements that could be put frontward to back up this misnomer in the society. For case, HIV/AIDS and STI prevalence is higher among female commercial sex workers. They serve as reservoir of infection in the community. This form could be acceptable as different people sleep with workers whose HIV and STI position are non verified. This may account for a greater incidence among adult females. However, it is merely a handful Numberss of adult females that engages in commercial sexual activities and this can non be generalised for all. Cultural patterns are the ways of people which has been over clip been accepted as norm in the society. Africans have several norms and patterns that are assisting to fuel the spread of HIV/AIDS. But are at that place any cultural believe that make HIV/AIDS adult females heritage? Polygamy and multiple sexual partnerships are accepted among many African civilizations. Work force are frequently seen as the dominant factors in most African societies and the strength of his domination is frequently designated by how many adult females he could hold sex with. The work forces are even sometimes adored with particular fears: holding multiple sexual spouses as the nature of work forces, they need to hold frequent sex as to maintain tantrum and healthy and multiple sexual partnerships denote suppressing adult females. Are these defects in our modern society? Another ground ascribed to adult females higher HIV/AIDS prevalence? In the aftermath of HIV/AIDS pandemic, the usage of barrier method of HIV bar was among the initial intercessions to control the spread of HIV. Male rubbers were so introduced and later the female rubbers. It is known facts that have been proved over times that condoms prevent HIV spread efficaciously. However, to utilize rubber in each sexual brush is non a exclusive duty, collaborative attempts is needed. In the society where adult females are already subdued by the social norms, regulations and ordinances, negociating sex with rubber is regarded as act of insubordination. Consistent and right usage of rubbers for adult females in heterosexual relationships is frequently compromised. Dry sex is another common demand of local African work forces from adult females. They claim that it gives work forces intense sexual satisfactions. Womans whose venereal mucosal are easy bruised are the object of mark for HIV and STI. In the most of these concerns laid above, adult females are at the disadvantage. The survey below looks at the epidemic among adult females, prenatal attendants and work forces in the rural Pondoland. RESEARCH QUESTIONS aˆ? What is the prevalence of HIV/AIDS among adult females and work forces measuring Holy Cross Hospital, Eastern Cape for medical intervention? aˆ? HIV/AIDS is more prevailing among adult females than work forces? aˆ? For the Antenatal attendants, do they hold higher HIV prevalence than other two groups as depicted in the South African prenatal HIV prevalence? aˆ? What are the cause ( s ) of higher HIV/AIDS among adult females in the rural Pondoland? Analysis OF HIV/AIDS Womans are the critical nutriment of our communities, yet most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. This needs an pressing intercession. The disease status has all its tentacles in all facet of life of both rural and urban South African inhabitants. It has crippled many family of beginning of support and as such many rural fatherlands are being headed by kids. This is the coupled factor to increased Numberss of orphan kids in Pondoland. Purpose OF THE STUDY The causal relationships of the virus and higher prevalence among adult females are critically reviewed with the purpose of find precise and curious intercession schemes in the rural Pondoland. Although most rural African communities do hold common antiquity, the schemes conveying relieve from HIV/AIDS epidemic may be expressed to each community. This is an effort to concentrate on such schemes. Importance OF THE RESEARCH STUDY In the world, we do non cognize precisely how many people that are populating with HIV/AIDS in South Africa. The national and prenatal prevalence are extrapolations and tax write-offs. This study will be a study to cognize how many of Holy Cross Hospital grownup patients live with virus. The causes of such septic grownups and the necessary intercession to control the spread of the virus. THE RESEACH METHODOLOGY ( HIV/AIDS prevalence is greater among adult females? A infirmary based survey ) The design of the survey will be randomised prospective survey of adult females, Antenatal attendants and work forces measuring Holy Cross Hospital, Eastern Cape, South Africa for medical interventions. The research is traveling to be questionnaires based with translator available to interpret and explicate inquiries to the participants in the survey. The translator will be chosen among the infirmary volunteered nurse for the interest of uniformity of linguistic communication interlingual rendition and consequence result. It is known fact that many of the grownup members of Pondoland rural community are non huge with usage of English linguistic communication. The point distribution of the questionnaires will be at the outpatient section, exigency unit and at the antenatal clinic which takes topographic point every Thursdays. These are the first points of contact for any patient measuring the infirmary for the first clip. The survey will be conducted over the initial period of 1 ( one ) twelvemonth from January boulder clay December 2011. The mark figure of the participants will be capped as 500. There will be three groups of the participants: ( 1 ) adult females go toing outpatient and exigency sections for medical intervention, ( 2 ) work forces go toing outpatient and exigency sections for medical intervention and ( 3 ) adult females go toing prenatal clinic. The age group that will be included are adult females and work forces between 18-65 old ages old and pregnant adult females more age 12. As the survey is divided into three groups and to be conducted in three infirmary section, the form of questionnaires distribution will be stratified. The first four months of 2011 ( January till April ) , both the principal research worker ( for my portion ) and the helper, we will merely concentrate on patient go toing exigency unit, May till August 2011 in the outpatient section and September through December in the prenatal unit. The method of everyday attack will be that at every contact with the participants, the research aims and concentrate will be explained and the voluntaries are selected based on age standards will be tested for HIV. For every participant, voluntary guidance and proving for HIV will be conducted by the principal research worker and written consent will be documented for every participant. Note, all information will be treated with confidential and consequence of the research will non be linked to the participants. A rapid showing HIV proving kit for HIV 1 and 2 ( ELISA 1 and 2 ) will be used throughout the survey. Every consequence will be read after 30 proceedingss. For those proving positive for HIV, they will be offered medical aid for farther research lab trials ( CD4 counts, viral tonss, full blood counts and liver map trial ) and necessary medical intervention. Each participant will be allowed sufficient clip to make full in the questionnaires but should be return before go forth ing the infirmary premises. The construction of the inquiries will be in different subdivisions with the initial portion turn toing the demographic informations, cognition about HIV/AIDS, behavioral hazard factors for HIV/AIDS, measuring hazard of societal force and preventative scheme for HIV/AIDS. The inside informations of the questionnaire are as follows: Demographic Data Age: ( a ) 12 – 25 old ages ( B ) 26 – 35 old ages ( degree Celsius ) 36 – 45 old ages ( vitamin D ) 46 – 55 old ages ( vitamin E ) 56 – 65years ( degree Fahrenheit ) more than 65 old ages Gender: ( a ) Male ( B ) Female Occupation: ( a ) non-skilled worker ( B ) semi-skilled worker ( degree Celsius ) skilled worker ( vitamin D ) immigrant worker Marital Status: ( a ) Single ( B ) life partnership ( degree Celsius ) Married ( vitamin D ) Divorced Religion: ( a ) Christian ( B ) Muslim ( degree Celsius ) Traditional Race: ( a ) Black ( B ) White ( degree Celsius ) Coloured ( vitamin D ) Indian Monthly Income: ( a ) Roentgen 500.00 – Roentgen 3000.00 ( B ) Roentgen 3001.00 – Roentgen 10, 000.00 ( degree Celsius ) R 10,001.00 – Roentgen 20, 000.00 ( vitamin D ) greater than R 20, 000. 00 ( vitamin E ) unemployed Knowledge about HIV/AIDS 1. HIV is the abbreviation of Human Immunodeficiecy Virus Y N D 2. Sexual activity intercourse with multiple sexual spouses increases the hazard of geting HIV Y N D 3. Transfusion of unscreened HIV infected blood can take to HIV infection Y N D 4. sharing nutrient with AIDS patient can take to HIV infection Y N D 5. venereal diseases are risk factors for HIV infection Y N D 6. Terbium is an illustration of timeserving infection Y N D 7. HIV infected individual should non unwrap his/her position because of stigma Y N D 8. HIV/AIDS is a godly penalty for unfaithfulness Y N D 9. PLWHA should non be employed because they are underproductive and weak Y N D 10. HIV is passed on by sneezing, manus shingle, caressing, and kiping together Y N D 11. HIV/AIDS is entirely big disease and the young person should non be concerned. Y N D 12. HIV bar instruction should merely be a precedence in schools and colleges Y N D Adapted from: ( hypertext transfer protocol: //unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001270/127076eo.pdf ) Y = Yes, N = No, D = Do n’t cognize, FBO = Faith Based Organisations, PLWHA = People Living with HIV/AIDS Behavioural Risk Factors for HIV/AIDS Make you smoke coffin nail, if yes, how many per twenty-four hours? Make you imbibe alcohol? If yes, how many bottles per twenty-four hours? Do you hold more than one sexual spouse? If yes how many? Has any of your sexual spouse ( s ) been treated for STI in the past three months? Make you cognize sexual spouse ( s ) HIV position? If yes, what is it? Are you in polygamous relationship? Have you been sexually been abused by your spouse or mistreat your sexual spouse in the past three months? What is your sentiment about dry sex? Have you portion needle and endovenous drug with your friend before? If yes when was it? Make you prosecute or patronize commercial sex workers? If employed, does your occupation maintain you off from your place more than two hebdomads or more? Are you or your male spouse circumcised? Measuring hazard of societal force Have you of all time been sexually abused by opposite gender? Have you been sexually abused by your spouse ( s ) or abused your sexual spouse in the past three months? If yes, when was the first maltreatment? And how terrible was it? Does your spouse have fire arm? And if yes, does he/she endanger to kill you before? Have you of all time sustain any signifier of physical or emotional harm from spouse force? Does your spouse respects your sentiment if you are non in the temper of holding sex? How can you depict the last three sexual brushs with your spouse ( s ) ? Make you cognize if your spouse has been reported as violent to any other individual? Is your spouse of all time been arrested by constabulary for societal force or drink-driving? Does your spouse have job with choler direction? Measuring Preventive Strategies of HIV/AIDS Which HIV/AIDS bar schemes do you cognize? Make you see utilizing HIV bar if you are non certain of the HIV position of your spouse? If your spouse is HIV positive, will you see utilizing rubber during intercourse? If yes, why? Make you utilize any signifier of HIV preventative step during your last three sexual intercourse? If yes, which one or province them. If condom explosion during sex, what is the immediate measure you should take? If employed, what are the schemes in topographic point of your work guaranting bar of HIV? What is your sentiment about male Circumcision and HIV bar? If HIV and pregnant, will you take ART to forestall HIV transmittal to the unborn babe? What option ( s ) are available for HIV positive spouses to forestall transmittal of HIV to unborn babe? Have you been treated for genital disease in the past three months? What is the nexus between genital disease and HIV? POPULATION SAMPLING AND RESULT ANALYSES What inform the entire sampling population is the immense figure the infirmary serves, 50,000. 1 % of that is tantamount of 500. Although this is a little figure in associating to the entire population measuring the infirmary, but associating to the chief research worker and the helper, it is tremendous. That is why the survey would hold been conducted throughout a twelvemonth period. The purpose of the age distribution chosen was to affect grownups entirely in the survey ; nevertheless, adolescent gestation is a rampart happening in South African communities. That is why pregnant adult females from age 12 are portion of the proposed survey. There are five constituents of the questionnaire and three groups of participants involved in the survey, the consequences will obtained individually for each group and interpreted utilizing Microsoft excel. The usage of Chi square trial will be employed the hypothesis – Hiv is higher among adult females than work forces. Expected RESULTS FROM THE STUDY The survey is expected to conform to the present form of the virus epidemic in South Africa. â€Å" HIV/AIDS is more prevailing among female grownups under the age of 40 in about all age groups. Approximately 4 in every 5 people with HIV/AIDS aged 20-24 are adult females, and merely one tierce of people with HIV/AIDS aged 25-29 are work forces. Although prevalence is higher among adult females in general, merely 1 in every 6 HIV/AIDS infected people with multiple sex spouses are adult females † ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) . Although some divergences are expected, could these be peculiar to the rural Pondoland community? South Africa adult females who have been disempowered revealed the high degree of colza and domestic maltreatment, a societal misnomer brewing the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the state ( Avert, 2010 ) . The National HIV and Syphilis Antenatal Sero-prevalence Survey, 2005 and 2007, the per centum of pregnant adult females with HIV per twelvemonth was as follows ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) : Year: 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Percentage: 0.7 1.7 2.2 4.0 7.6 10.4 14.2 17.0 22.8 22.4 24.5 24.8 26.5 27.9 29.5 30.2 29.1 28.0 These one-year studies of HIV among the pregnant adult females are higher than the national prevalence of 10.8 % , though the incidence is higher among adult females 13.3 % than in work forces 8.2 % ( HSCR, 2005 ) . The same result is besides envisaged as above. Possibly there are disparities, they will be noted and a farther study may be needed. EXPECTED CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY TO THE HOSPITAL South Africa higher HIV/AIDS national statistic is higher than any other state, that is what has geared the exceeding authorities attempts in other to undertake the disease tendency. The robust attempts of the authorities are the largest HIV/AIDS strategy in the universe ( All Africa.com, 2010 ) . The tendency of the disease needed to be known exactly in Pondoland. The result of the survey could be presented to the regional wellness authorization for amendment of HIV/AIDS authorities intercession at the infirmary. Critical reappraisals of different diaries have shown that HIV/AIDS has unprecedented rise among adult females ( UNICEF, 2009 ) , the result of the survey is expected to be in conformance. However, if the consequences show greater proportions of adult females than expected, it could spell a readjustment in the infirmary planning scheme to turn to direction of HIV/AIDS among adult females. The local untypical causes of rise in HIV/AIDS will be known if there is any. The illation will be surmised from the response of adult females proving positive for HIV in the survey. Therefore local epidemiological form of HIV in Pondoland will be verified. The result of this survey could name for more survey in HIV/AIDS and other local endemic disease in the infirmary. A rural infirmary where academic research is seldom conducted, this will be an oculus opener. It will be a beginning of inspiration particularly for the freshly graduated medical physicians and druggists in the infirmary set abouting their rural community service. Decision For effectual intercession to come into drama in the direction of the increased HIV/AIDS disparities among adult females and work forces, the specific factors responsible have to be outlined and schemes to battle these could be sourced. In the aftermath of HIV/AIDS in the 80s, the epidemic was rather rampart among homosexual in the USA and equal intercessions were ensued as reflected in the state HIV/AIDS statistics. Africa needed to larn from this. The basic nutriment of any community is the valued lives of the household members. Womans who are the beginning of generational continuity are in hazard in our society. Didactic and pressing attack should be instituted in the rural and all African communities to halt the harness effects of HIV/AIDS. Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV transmittal, handiness of free rubbers in public establishments, adult females empowerment and wellness instruction should parts of focus authorities and NGO agendas to readdress HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa. How to cite Women Suceptability To Hiv Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Legumes free essay sample

An annual Asian plant in the pea family, widely cultivated for the edible seeds in its short inflated pods. A round yellowish edible seed, widely used as a pulse. Also called  garbanzo. There are two types of chickpeas: desi and kabuli. Desi contains smaller, darker seeds and have more of a rough coat. Kabuli is a larger, lighter colored bean with a smoother coat. Uses * Chickpeas are an important food plant in India, Africa, and Central and South America. * They are the main ingredient of hummus, a sauce originating in the Middle East. In southern Europe, chickpeas are a common ingredient in soups, salads, and stews. * A kind of meal or flour is also made from chickpeas. Snap peas  (Pisum sativum  var. macrocarpon) A cultivated pea that has edible usually round pods easily snapped like beans and that is classified with the snow pea as a variety (Pisum sativum macrocarpon) also called sugar snap pea. We will write a custom essay sample on Legumes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is pea plant producing peas having crisp rounded edible pods USES Raw * The pod can be left whole and served with your favorite dip. The peas can be removed from the pod. Puree the raw peas in a food processor or blender and fold the puree into your favorite dip. * Snap the whole pea pod into 1-inch pieces and add to salads—vegetable, macaroni, chicken, etc. Cooked * Use instead of snow peas in oriental dishes. * In stews or soups, add whole or in pieces, 2 minutes before serving—just long enough to heat thoroughly. * Stir-fry as you would any vegetable. Azuki Bean(Vigna angularis  syn. Phaseolus angularis) The azuki bean, also known as  adzuki  or  aduki is an annual bushy leguminous vine plant widely grown throughout  East Asia  and the  Himalayas  for its small (approximately 5  mm)  beans which are used as food and to produce a flour. The  cultivars  most familiar in  Northeast Asiahave a uniform red color. However, white, black, gray and variously mottled varieties are also known. USES * In  East Asian cuisine, the azuki bean is commonly eaten sweetened. In particular, it is often boiled with sugar, resulting in red bean paste (an), a very common ingredient in all of these cuisines. It is also common to add flavoring to the bean paste, such as chestnut. * In Japan, rice with azuki beans ( ;  sekihan) is traditionally cooked for auspicious occasions. Azuki beans are also used to produce  amanatto, and as a popular flavour of  ice cream. * On October 20, 2009,  Pepsi  Japan released an azuki-flavored Pepsi product. * In Gujarat, India, they are known as  chori. Ornamental plants Zebra Plant (Aphelandra squarrosa) a Brazilian herb with leaves striped green and yellowish white that is widely cultivated as a foliage plant. This plant is often used as a  house plant. This plant likes lots of light, but not direct. It does not bloom often, but it can be encouraged to bloom by prolonged daily exposure to light. USES Indoor and outdoor decoration for houses and others. Rose (Rosa berberifolia) They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing or trailing with stems that are often armed with sharp  prickles. They have pinnate leaves and showy flowers having five petals in the wild state but being often double or partly double under cultivation. Flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. * Majority of roses are used to decorate gardens as well as for various ornamental purposes. * Roses have diuretic effects as they contain Vitamin C, pectin, malic and citric acids. * It has a medicinal effect that cools the body by removing toxins and heat from the body. * Roses are also used all over the world for culinary purposes especially on desserts. * It is also widely used for preparing cosmetics, perfumes, hand lotions, creams, to rose essential oil and rose water. Glossy Abelia (Abelia x grandiflora) Any of several shrubs that have clusters of small white or pink flowers belong to the belong to the genus Abelia, of the honeysuckle family. Abelias are popular  garden  shrubs. The most widely grown is the hybrid  Abelia x grandiflora. This is a rounded, spreading, multi-stemmed shrub with gracefully arching branches to 1-1. 8 m tall, with ovate, glossy, dark green semi-evergreen leaves to 2–6  cm long, and clusters of white-tinged-pink, bell-shaped flowers to 2  cm long. USES Gardening and ornamental purposes. Latex and Resins Chico (Manilkara zapota) Large tropical American evergreen yielding chicle gum and edible fruit; sometimes placed in genus Achras. The sapodilla is an attractive upright, slow-growing, long-lived evergreen tree. Distinctly pyramidal when young, with age the tree may develops a crown that is dense and rounded or sometimes open and somewhat irregular in shape. USES Because of the tannin content, young fruits are boiled and the decoction taken to stop diarrhea. An infusion of the young fruits and the flowers is drunk to relieve pulmonary complaints. The crushed seeds have a diuretic action and are claimed to expel bladder and kidney stones. The latex is used in the tropics as a crude filling for tooth cavities. A paste of the seeds is applied on stings and bites from venomous animals. The latex can also be used as rubber. Papaya (Carica-papaya) Large palmlike plant (Carica papaya; family Caricaceae), cultivated throughout the tropics and warm subtropics, and its succulent juicy fruit. An evergreen, usually dioecious, tropical American tree  having a crown of palmately divided leaves with pinnate lobes and large yellow edible fruit. USES * A popular breakfast fruit in many countries, it is also used in salads, pies, sherbets, juices, and confections. * The juice of the unripe fruit contain an enzyme that is useful in various remedies for indigestion and in meat tenderizers. * Latex is collected in the fruit of the papaya tree. T he latex is collected after scoring the neck of the fruit, where it may either dry on the fruit or drip into a container. Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis) A pine (Pinus halepensis) of southern Europe and the Levant that is of graceful habit, has usually two leaves in each persistent sheath, and yields a wood that is much used for shipbuilding. It is native to the Mediterranean area, and is planted as an ornamental and is a source of turpentine. USES * The resin of the Aleppo Pine is used to flavor the Greek wine  retsina. * The  Pinus halepensis  is widely planted for timber in its native area, being one of the most important trees in  forestry  in Algeria and Morocco. * This tree is also used as an ornamental tree which is extensively planted in gardens, parks, and private and agency landscapes.